Hidden Strength
The Establishment Survey headline number of 199,000 jobs was a bit disappointing, less than half of the Bloomberg Econoday consensus of 400,000.
Once again however, the household survey was far stronger than the baseline jobs number. The unemployment rate comes from the Household Survey.
Wage growth was also strong.
BLS Jobs Statistics at a Glance
Details from the monthly BLS Employment Report.
- Nonfarm Payroll: +199,000 to 148,951,000 – Establishment Survey
- Employment: +651,000 to 155,975,000– Household Survey
- Unemployment: -483,000 to 6,319,000- Household Survey
- Baseline Unemployment Rate: -0.3 to 3.9% – Household Survey
- U-6 unemployment: -0.4 to 7.3% – Household Survey
- Civilian Non-institutional Population: +107,000 to 262,136,000
- Civilian Labor Force: +168,000 to 162,294,000 – Household Survey
- Not in Labor Force: -60,000 to 99,842,000 – Household Survey
- Participation Rate: +0.0 to 61.9% – Household Survey
Job Revisions
- The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for October was revised up by 102,000, from +546,000 to +648,000.
- The change for November was revised up by 39,000, from +210,000 to +249,000.
- With these revisions, employment in October and November combined is 141,000 higher than previously reported.
Part-Time Jobs
- Involuntary Part-Time Work: -337,000 to 3,929,000
- Voluntary Part-Time Work: -125,000 to 20,315,000
- Total Full-Time Work: +803,000 to 130,191,000
- Total Part-Time Work: -275,000 to 25,681,000
The above numbers never total correctly. I list them as reported.
Unemployment Rate – Seasonally Adjusted
Nonfarm Payrolls
Recovery Synopsis
- Jobs are up 18,790,000 from the low in April 2020.
- Jobs are down 3,572,000 from the February 2020 pre-Covid high.
Those numbers do not reflect increasing population or the type of job recovered.
The red dotted line shows the still significant impact Covid has on the economy.
Hours and Wages
Average weekly hours of all private employees was flat at 34.7 hours. Average weekly hours of all private service-providing employees was flat at 33.7 hours. Average weekly hours of manufacturers fell 0.1 hour to 40.3 hours.
Average Hourly Earnings of All Nonfarm Workers rose $0.19 to $31.31
Year-over-year, wages rose from $29.91 to $31.31. That’s a gain of 4.7%.
Average hourly earnings of Production and Supervisory Workers rose $0.18 to $26.61.
Year-over-year, wages rose from $25.15 to $26.61. That’s a gain of 5.8%.
For a discussion of income distribution, please see What’s “Really” Behind Gross Inequalities In Income Distribution?
Birth Death Model
Starting January 2014, I dropped the Birth/Death Model charts from this report.
For those who follow the numbers, I retain this caution: Do not subtract the reported Birth-Death number from the reported headline number. That approach is statistically invalid.
The model is wildly wrong at turning points but otherwise means little. It is also heavily revised and thus useless.
Alternative Measures of Unemployment
Table A-15 is where one can find a better approximation of what the unemployment rate really is.
The official unemployment rate is 3.9%. However, if you start counting all the people who want a job but gave up, all the people with part-time jobs that want a full-time job, all the people who dropped off the unemployment rolls because their unemployment benefits ran out, etc., you get a closer picture of what the unemployment rate is. That number is in the last row labeled U-6.
U-6 is much higher at 7.3%. Both numbers would be way higher still, were it not for millions dropping out of the labor force over the past few years.
Some of those dropping out of the labor force retired because they wanted to retire. Some dropped out over Covid fears. And still others took advantage of the strong stock market and retired early.
The rest is disability fraud, forced retirement, discouraged workers, and kids moving back home because they cannot find a job.
Covid-19 had an enormous impact on the labor force. Many dropouts are really unemployed but are not counted as such, said Fed Chair Jerome Powell over a year ago. That still holds true today.
Strength is Relative
It’s important to put the jobs numbers into proper perspective.
In the household survey, if you work as little as 1 hour a week, even selling trinkets on eBay, you are considered employed.
In the household survey, if you work three part-time jobs, 12 hours each, the BLS considers you a full-time employee.
In the payroll survey, three part-time jobs count as three jobs. The BLS attempts to factor this in, but they do not weed out duplicate Social Security numbers. The potential for double-counting jobs in the payroll survey is large.
Household Survey vs. Payroll Survey
The payroll survey (sometimes called the establishment survey) is the headline jobs number, generally released the first Friday of every month. It is based on employer reporting.
The household survey is a phone survey conducted by the BLS. It measures unemployment and many other factors.
If you work one hour, you are employed. If you don’t have a job and fail to look for one, you are not considered unemployed, rather, you drop out of the labor force.
Looking for Job Openings on Jooble or Monster or in the want ads does not count as “looking for a job”. You need an actual interview or send out a resume.
These distortions artificially lower the unemployment rate, artificially boost full-time employment, and artificially increase the payroll jobs report every month.
Recovery Not Complete
This recovery has been fast, but it was also the deepest on record.
Some losses are permanent due to a surge in work-at-home and online shopping (less office space and malls needed).
Surprise of the Day
For the second month, the surprise of the day was the huge gain in the household survey vs the establishment survey.
Last month, the household survey rose by 1,136,000 vs a payroll gain of of only 210,000.
This month, the household survey rose by 651,000 vs the establishment survey of 199,000.
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